Low Velocity Collisions
Simulation Model For Low-Speed Bumper-To-Bumper Crashes
The purpose of this study was to develop a numerical analytical model of collinear low-speed bumper-to-bumper crashes and use the model to perform parametric studies of low-speed crashes and to estimate the severity of low-speed crashes that have already occurred. The model treats the car body...
Human Head and Neck Kinematics after Low Velocity Rear-End Impacts: Understanding Whiplash
A second series of low-speed rear-end crash tests with seven volunteer test subjects have delineated human head/neck dynamics for velocity changes up to 10.9 kph (6.8 mph). Angular and linear sensor data from biteblock arrays were used to compute acceleration resultants for multiple points on...
Vehicle Dynamics in Non-Collinear Low-Velocity, Rear End Collisions
The vehicle dynamics of non-collinear, low-velocity front-to-rear collisions have received little formal study. The twenty-three angled collisions conducted for this project revealed significant vehicle dynamic differences when compared with similar-energy collinear rear-end collisions. Two...
Human Kinematics during Non-Collinear Low Velocity Rear-End Collisions
Non-collinear low velocity rear end (LVRE) collision human kinematics have not previously been studied. Occupant head and neck motions during twenty similar non-collinear (15 and 30 degree angle) left rear end collisions were analyzed for five male test subjects alternately positioned in the...
Head, Neck, and Mandible Dynamics Generated By ‘Whiplash’
That injuries to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be imposed by short-acting forces generated during rear-end collisions of motor vehicles was first proposed more than 50 years ago. Since that time, numerous anecdotal and clinical reports relating the onset of TMJ symptoms to low-velocity...
Comparison of Human and ATD Head Kinematics during Low Speed Rear-End Impacts
The head motions of a human driver and hybrid III anthropometric test device (ATD) right front passenger were measured in low-speed rearend impacts (velocity change DV = 8kph) with high speed film and accelerometers. Data were analyzed from three crashes with the same human driver (weight...
Biomechanics of “Whiplash” in Low-Velocity Collisions
Recently, it has been demonstrated experimentally that the so- called “whiplash” response during low-velocity, rear-end collisions may produce a spontaneously resolving strain injury to muscles of the neck, but that injury to other spinal elements is biomechanically improbable. This paper...
Assessing Neck Extension-Flexion as a Basis for Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
In the August 1987 issue of the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weinberg and LaPointe published an article entitled “Cervical Extension-Flexion Injury (Whiplash) and Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint” in which they proposed an explantation for injury to the...
Analytical Model for Investigating Low-Speed Sideswipe Collisions
Vehicle dynamics in sideswipe collisions are markedly different from other types of collisions. Sideswipe collisions are characterized by prolonged sliding contact, often with very little structural deformation. An analytical model was developed to investigate the vehicle dynamics of...
